Table 2 Patient characteristics and echocardiographic parameters in 140 persistent AF patients with a low CHADS2 score (≤1)

Clinical parameters

 Age (year)

62.1 ± 9.6

65.3 ± 9.0

0.23

 Male, n (%)

93 (74)

12 (80)

0.64

 Smoking, n (%)

21 (17)

5 (33)

0.16

 Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)

9 (7)

1 (7)

>0.99

 Hypertension, n (%)

56 (45)

10 (67)

0.11

 Dyslipidemia, n (%)

27 (21)

1 (7)

0.30

 CHADS2 score = 1

88 (71)

14 (93)

0.059

 AF duration (year)

5.9 ± 5.7

6.3 ± 3.4

0.83

 PT-INR

1.89 ± 0.49

1.84 ± 0.35

0.65

 PT-INR met guideline, n (%)

68 (54)

11 (73)

0.18

Echocardiographic parameters

 LVEF (%)

59.1 ± 6.6

57.3 ± 4.8

0.29

 LAD (mm)

46.0 ± 6.7

49.5 ± 7.5

0.064

 Maximum LAA volume (ml)

10.2 ± 4.7

17.9 ± 8.1

<0.001

 Minimum LAA volume (ml)

7.0 ± 3.8

14.8 ± 7.1

<0.001

 SEC score (0-4 grade)

1 (1 – 1)

1 (1 – 2)

0.047

 LAAPV (cm/sec)

31.9 ± 12.2

23.0 ± 8.3

0.007

 LAA peak longitudinal strain

9.3 ± 5.6

2.5 ± 1.5

<0.001

 LAAEF (%)

33.5 ± 10.7

17.9 ± 3.6

<0.001