Table 2 Doppler echo exercise upright treadmill/bicycle test – examples of some centers and examined diseases/conditions
Country, town of center, type of exercise machine | Measured gradient | Clinical impact of exercise echo in UPRIGHT position |
|---|---|---|
1. Portugal, Almada , treadmill | Stratification risk of sudden death in HCM because LVOTG is risk factor | |
LVOT | Assessment of pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods reducing LVOTG | |
-Symptomatic athletes (Intra-ventricular obstruction induced by exercise in athletes with “positive screening” in medical evaluation for sports practice, [9] | LVOT | Verification of exercise-induced symptoms in relation to LVOTG |
- Cardiac syndrome X [10] | LVOT | Monitoring treatment with beta blockers |
- Pulmonary artery hypertension [11] | Transtricuspid | Verification of exercise-induced symptoms in relation to LVOTG |
- Mitral stenosis [12] | Tranmitral | Monitoring the use of beta blockers |
-Aortic stenosis [13] | Transaortic | Verification of exercise-increase of pulmonary hypertension (assessment of dyspnea) |
Verification of exercise-induced symptoms in relation to trasmitral gradient | ||
Verification of exercise-induced symptoms in relation to transaortic gradient | ||
2. Poland, Cracow, treadmill | ||
LVOT | HCM see above | |
3. USA, Philadelphia, treadmill | ||
- “healthy“ youth for cardiac evaluation due palpitations, syndrome WPW, short of breath, chest pain [5] | LVOT | Hemodynamic verification of symptoms pathophysiology |
4. Sweden, Vasteras, bicycle | ||
- Healthy athletes males [17] | Transaortic | Definition of normal value |
5. USA, Spriengfield/ England, Liverpool, bicycle | ||
- Healthy adolescent boys and girls [18] | Transaortic | Definition of normal value |
6. England, London, bicycle | ||
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [19] | LVOT | HCM see above |
- Anderson-Fabry disease [20] | LVOT | Hemodynamic assessment the effect of myocardial hypertrophy induced by storage disease |
7. Spain, A Coruna, treadmill | ||
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [21] | LVOT | HCM see above |
8. Spain, Malaga, treadmill | ||
- Effort angina [22] | LVOT | Verification of exercise-induced symptoms |
Monitoring the effect of beta blockers | ||
9. Altavilla Vicentina, Italy, treadmill (comparison with semi physiological test protocol) | LVOT | HCM see above |
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [23] | ||
10. Germany, Munster, bicycle | LVOT | HCM see above |
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [24] | ||
11. Korea, Seoul, treadmill | Transaortic | Verification of exercise-induced symptoms in relation to transaortic gradient |
-Aortic stenosis [25] | ||
12. USA, Cleveland , treadmill | LVOT | HCM see above |
-Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [26] | ||
13. Canada, Quebec, bicycle | Transprothesis- Aortic | Assessment of prosthesis function and ‘patients-prosthesis mismatch’ phenomenon |
- Patients with a bioprosthesis in the aortic valve position [27] , bicycle | ||
- Comparison of stentless versus stented bioprostheses in aortic valvular position [28], bicycle |