Which method of left atrium size quantification is the most accurate to recognize thromboembolic risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation?

Table 5 Multivariate analysis including LA volume measurements and CHADS ₂ /CHA ₂ DS ₂ -VASc parameters for prediction of TEE surrogate markers of stroke

TEE markers of stroke	Independent predictors	OR	CI_95%	p
LA Volumes + CHADS ₂ parameters
LAA thrombus	• Indexed LA 2P Area-Length Volume	1.026	1.009 – 1.043	0.003
	• Previous stroke/TIA	4.080	1.647 – 10.102	0.002
LAA LFV	• Indexed LA 1P Area-Length Volume	1.022	1.010 – 1.034	<0.001
Dense SEC	• Indexed LA 2P Area-Length Volume	1.013	0.999-1.028	0.07
Dense SEC	• Congestive heart failure	1.968	1.024 – 3.783	0.04
	• Previous stroke/TIA	2.458	1.093 – 5.530	0.03
LA ABN	• Indexed LA 2P Area-Length Volume	1.021	1.006 – 1.035	0.005
	• Congestive heart failure	2.065	1.134 – 3.758	0.02
LA Volumes + CHA ₂ DS ₂ -VASc parameters
LAA thrombus	• Indexed LA 2P Area-Length Volume	1.028	1.010 – 1.046	0.002
	• Previous stroke/TIA	4.071	1.568 – 10.569	0.004
LAA LFV	• Indexed LA 1P Area-Length Volume	1.023	1.180 – 1.037	<0.001
Dense SEC	• Previous stroke/TIA	2.675	1.158 – 6.180	0.02
	• Congestive heart failure	2.308	1.180 – 4.514	0.02
LA ABN	• Indexed LA 2P Area-Length Volume	1.019	1.005 – 1.034	0.009
LA ABN	• Congestive heart failure	2.133	1.147 – 3.966	0.02

Legend: CI - confidence interval; LA – left atrial; LAA – left atrial appendage; LA ABN – left atrial abnormality; LFV – low flow velocities; OR – odds ratio; p – significance level; SEC – spontaneous echocardiographic contrast; TEE – transesophageal echocardiography; TIA – transient ischemic attack; vel – velocities; 1P – single-plane; 2P – biplane.