Reference intervals for the echocardiographic measurements of the right heart in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Table 6 Published reference data of right ventricular function by tissue Doppler and strain

Measurement	View		Sample volume	Boettler[45]	Cantenotti[59]	Cui[16]	Eidem[36]	Eidem[18]	Frommelt[19]	Goebel[37]	Harada[21]	Hershenson[60]	Hui[44]	Innelli[22]	Kapusta[47]	Koestenberger[25]	Kutty[27]	Matsui[49]	Moiduddin[13]	Mori[50]	Rafeiyian[30]	Roberson[31]	Shedeed[40]	Stines[45]	Van der Hulst[55]	Weidemann[56]
RV dyssynchrony/delay											x	x												x
RV Tissue displacement									x									x
Tissue Doppler velocites and time-intervals
Sa; Ea; Aa; Ea: Aa; Aa: Ea	A4C	TV annulus		x			x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x				x	x	x	x	x	x		x
Sa; Ea; Aa; Ea: Aa; Ea: Sa	PLAX	RV anterior wall												x
Sa	PSAX	RV outflow tract																						x
Isovolumic times					x	x	x	x	x				x				x	x		x	x	x
Deceleration time																	x			x
Systolic and diastolic times			x		x																x
Myocardial performance index				x	x						x							x			x	x
E (pulsed Doppler): Ea ratio				x			x				x		x						x
Strain
Ss, Se, Sa	A4C	RV free wall	x															x							x
RV inflow	SC RAO	RV inferior wall															x
RV outflow	SC RAO	RV free wall															x
Pulmonary annulus	SC RAO	RV free wall															x
Ss, Se, Sa	A2C	RV inferior wall																							x
Se and Sa duration		RV free wall	x
% RV Strain									x									x
RV Time to peak strain																		x						x
Strain rate
Right atrial strain																x
RV strain	A4C	RV free wall	x						x									x							x
RV strain	A2C	RV inferior wall																							x

RV, right ventricle; Sa, peak systolic velocity; Ea, early diastolic velocity; Aa, late diastolic velocity; A4C, apical four-chamber; TV, tricuspid valve; PLAX, parasternal long-axis; PSAX, parasternal short-axis; E, early diastolic velocity by pulsed Doppler; Ea, tissue Doppler early diastolic myocardial velocity; Ss, peak systolic strain; Se, peak early diastolic strain; Sa, late diastolic peak strain; SC RAO, subcostal right anterior oblique; A2C, apical two-chamber.

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