Doppler echocardiography and myocardial dyssynchrony: a practical update of old and new ultrasound technologies

Table 1 Main ultrasound techniques, parameters and reference values for detection of intra-ventricular dyssynchrony and prediction of LV reverse remodeling.

Technique	Parameter	Authors	Cut-off point
M-mode	SPWMD	Pitzalis et al, J Am Coll Cardiol 2002	> 130 ms
M-mode and PW Doppler	LWPSD	Sassone et al, Am J Cardiol 2007	> 1
PW Tissue Doppler	Diff. of T_s between LV segments	Bax JJ et al, J Am Coll Cardiol 2004	> 65 ms
TVI	T_s-SD	Yu et al, Am J Cardiol 2003	> 32.6 ms
TSI	T_s-SD	Yu et al, J Am Coll Cardiol 2005	> 34.4 ms
SRI	TPS-SD	Mele et al, Eur Heart J 2006	> 60 ms
SRI	ExcT	Porciani MC et al, Eur Heart J 2006	> 760 ms
2D radial strain	Time diff. in peak septal wall-to-posterior wall strain	Suffoletto et al, Circulation 2006	≥ 130 ms
3D echo	Triplane T_s-SD	Van der Veire NR et al, Am J Cardiol 2007	≥ 35.8 *

* acute (48 hours after CRT) response
CW = Continuous wave, ExcT = Sum of time exceeding aortic valve closure, IVMD = Inter-ventricular mechanical delay, LV PEP = Left ventricular pre-ejection period, LWPSD = Lateral wall post-systolic displacement, PW = pulse wave, SPWMD = Septal-to-posterior wall motion delay, SRI = Strain rate imaging, TSI = Tissue synchronization imaging, TVI = Tissue velocity imaging, T_s-SD = Standard deviation of time to peak S_m, TPS-SD = Standard deviation of time to peak strain

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