Figure 3From: Role of echocardiography in diagnosis and risk stratification in heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction2-D measurements for volume calculations using the biplane method of discs (modified Simpson's rule), in the apical four-chamber (A4C) and apical two-chamber (A2C) views at end diastole (LV EDD) and at end-systole (LVESD). The papillary muscles should be excluded from the cavity in the tracing.Back to article page