Figure 3
Relative changes in left ventricular long-axis function after caffeine assumption, cigarette smoking, or both. P values are calculated by within-group Student t test for paired data. Sm = peak systolic mitral annulus velocity; Em = peak early diastolic mitral annulus velocity; Am = peak late diastolic mitral annulus velocity; E = peak early diastolic transmitral flow; AVPD = left atrioventricular plane displacement.