Table 1 General characteristics of the study groups. Comparison of clinical and echocardiographic features among the four study groups.
Controls | Coffee assumption | Cigarette smoking | Coffee assumption + cigarette smoking | ANOVA P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 24.1 ± 1.7 | 25.3 ± 4.3 | 24.9 ± 2.7 | 23.6 ± 2.5 | 0.68 |
Male gender (n) | 6 (60%) | 9 (60%) | 6 (40%) | 9 (60%) | 0.68 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 20.2 ± 2.1 | 20.7 ± 5.5 | 21.0 ± 1.7 | 22.0 ± 2.4 | 0.38 |
Coffees (n/die) | - | 2.5 ± 1.1 | - | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 0.28* |
Cigarettes (n/die) | - | - | 8.4 ± 5.3 | 11.7 ± 5.1 | 0.09* |
Years of smoking (n) | - | - | 7.5 ± 3.8 | 8.1 ± 2.7 | 0.66* |
SBP (mmHg) | 116.0 ± 8.1 | 125 ± 9.6 | 116.7 ± 12.8 | 122.3 ± 2.5 | 0.11 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.0 ± 5.8 | 76.7 ± 9.6 | 75.0 ± 11.2 | 79.7 ± 7.9 | 0.50 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 74.9 ± 10.0 | 74.5 ± 10.6 | 72.7 ± 11.4 | 66.1 ± 9.4 | 0.15 |
O 2 saturation (%) | 97.5 ± 1.2 | 97.6 ± 0.7 | 97.9 ± 0.7 | 97.5 ± 0.9 | 0.77 |
LVEDV (ml) | 89.0 ± 28.2 | 99.7 ± 28.3 | 89.4 ± 14.2 | 92.9 ± 29.5 | 0.84 |
Ejection fraction (%) | 67.4 ± 3.2 | 64.8 ± 3.6 | 64.2 ± 5.5 | 63.8 ± 4.8 | 0.14 |
Stroke volume (ml) | 60.0 ± 18.5 | 66.4 ± 23.0 | 57.8 ± 5.5 | 59.2 ± 17.4 | 0.89 |
LV mass (g) | 126.6 ± 31.4 | 132.0 ± 45.1 | 122.1 ± 22.5 | 143.2 ± 40.0 | 0.40 |
RWT | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 0.82 |
Left atrial volume (ml) | 42.6 ± 11.4 | 38.8 ± 16.2 | 34.0 ± 7.5 | 38.6 ± 10.4 | 0.34 |
RV diameter (mm) | 30.7 ± 4.2 | 31.3 ± 5.4 | 29.3 ± 4.3 | 31.12 ± 4.3 | 0.60 |
PASP (mmHg) | 20.5 ± 2.7 | 21.9 ± 3.6 | 21.6 ± 3.4 | 21.2 ± 4.5 | 0.66 |
E (cm/s) | 80.2 ± 19.3 | 92.1 ± 14 | 89.1 ± 14.8 | 84.1 ± 13.0 | 0.32 |
A (cm/s) | 52.2 ± 15.5 | 54.2 ± 11 | 53.9 ± 8.9 | 48.2 ± 13.2 | 0.42 |
E/A ratio | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 0.47 |
Deceleration time (ms) | 209.8 ± 32.7 | 201.9 ± 50.3 | 202.5 ± 35.9 | 216.9 ± 34.8 | 0.70 |
IVRT (ms) | 62.2 ± 9.4 | 67.6 ± 12.8 | 67.1 ± 10.7 | 63.1 ± 10.4 | 0.49 |