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Table 2 Peak systolic strains, rotation and twist of subendocardial and subepicardial layers among the three groups of athletes

From: The effect of exercise training on left ventricular function in young elite athletes

 

Cycling

Soccer

Basket

Controls

Endocardial parameters

    

Mean circum-ε (%)

    

Basal

-23.02 ± 4.6

-23.40 ± 2.6

-21.82 ± 3.5

-23.63 ± 3.5

Apical

-37.64 ± 8.5¥

-33.82 ± 8.0

-32.15 ± 9.3

-29.49 ± 7.4

Mean Longit- ε (%)

-16.72 ± 3.2

-17.84 ± 2.8

-17.96 ± 2.9

-18.08 ± 2.3

Mean Rotation (°)

    

Basal

-7.32 ± 2.1£

-6.29 ± 2.4

-6.19 ± 1.5

-5.69 ± 1.0

Apical

8.86 ± 3.2

7.65 ± 2.1

7.29 ± 2.0

7.79 ± 1.8

Mean Twist (°)

16.18 ± 4.1* Φ ?

13.94 ± 2.7

13.48 ± 3.4

12.89 ± 2.4

Epicardial parameters

    

Mean circum- ε (%)

    

Basal

-13.50 ± 3.3

-14.53 ± 2.5

-13.87 ± 2.6

-13.28 ± 1.6

Apical

-15.55 ± 4.7*

-12.75 ± 3.9

-11.06 ± 3.2Δ

-14.56 ± 6.5

Mean Longit- ε (%)

-11.70 ± 2.0

-13.43 ± 2.4

-13.72 ± 2.9

-14.73 ± 3.3

Mean Rotation (°)

    

Basal

-4.34 ± 1.2*

-3.52 ± 1.1

-3.71 ± 1.2?

-2.53 ± 0.7

Apical

5.00 ± 1.7

4.26 ± 1.3

3.81 ± 1.5Δ

5.10 ± 2.3

Mean Twist (°)

9.51 ± 2.4# § ¥

7.78 ± 1.7

7.52 ± 1.5

7.63 ± 2.1

Δ Endo/Epi

6.67 ± 3.8

6.17 ± 2.2

5.96 ± 2.4

5.48 ± 1.47

  1. Legend:. *p = .04 vs. soccer; p = .03 vs. basket; p = .04 vs. basket; p = .006 vs. basket; # p = .01 vs. soccer; Φ p = .02 vs. basket, § p = .005 vs. basket, £ p = .04 vs. controls, ¥ p = .02 vs. controls, ? p = .01 vs. controls, p = .03 vs. controls, p < .001 vs. controls, Δ p = .05 vs. controls, p = .005 vs. controls. Circum-ε: circumferential strain; Longit-ε: longitudinal strain.