| |
Runner (R)
|
Bodybuilder (B)
|
Normal control (N)
|
p < 0.05
|
p < 0.01
|
p < 0.001
|
|---|
|
IVSd (mm)
|
10.8 ± 1.4
|
11.3 ± 1.7
|
10.6 ± 0.9
| | | |
|
LVIDd (mm)
|
49.8 ± 4.8
|
51.4 ± 4.8
|
48.2 ± 3.8
|
B > N
| | |
|
LVPWd (mm)
|
10.5 ± 1.3
|
10.9 ± 1.3
|
10.6 ± 0.9
| | | |
|
LVM (g)
|
198 ± 52
|
224 ± 69
|
186 ± 30
|
B > N
| | |
|
LVMi (g/m
2
)
|
100 ± 24
|
105 ± 24
|
92 ± 15
| | | |
|
EDV (mL)
|
176 ± 32
|
178 ± 36
|
157 ± 26
|
R,B > N
| | |
|
EDVi (mL/m
2
)
|
85 ± 16
|
84 ± 12
|
77 ± 12
| | | |
|
ESV (mL)
|
80 ± 24
|
72 ± 17
|
69 ± 16
| | | |
|
ESVi (mL/m
2
)
|
37 ± 12
|
34 ± 7
|
33 ± 8
| | | |
|
EF (%)
|
55 ± 9
|
60 ± 6
|
59 ± 5
| | | |
|
septal S’ (cm/s)
|
8.4 ± 0.5
|
8.7 ± 1.6
|
8.6 ± 0.7
| | | |
|
lateral S’ (cm/s)
|
10.7 ± 0.6
|
10.6 ± 0.4
|
11.0 ± 0.8
| | | |
|
longitudinal strain (%)
|
−19.4 ± 3.4
|
−23.3 ± 2.1
|
−24.1 ± 3.0
|
R < B,N
| | |
|
circumferential strain (%)
|
−26.6 ± 3.8
|
−22.4 ± 4.3
|
−26.4 ± 2.7
|
B < R,N
| | |
|
radial strain (%)
|
42.5 ± 5.5
|
44.2 ± 8.2
|
44.1 ± 4.5
| | | |
- One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher post-hoc test. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The more negative results represent the greater extent of longitudinal and circumferential deformation. B: bodybuilders (n = 14), EDV: end-diastolic volume, EF: ejection fraction, ESV: end-systolic volume, IVS: interventricular septal thickness, LVID: left ventricular internal diameter, LVM: left ventricular mass, LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall thickness, N: normal controls (n = 15), R: runners (n = 24). “d” refers to end-diastolic measures, “i” for indexed values to body surface area.
