Strain echocardiography identifies impaired longitudinal systolic function in patients with septic shock and preserved ejection fraction

Table 4 Conventional echocardiographic variables

	Healthy controls	Sepsis	Trauma	p-value	Sepsis	Trauma	p-value
	(n = 16)	All (n = 48)	All (n = 24)	sepsis vs trauma	EF ≥ 50 % (n = 34)	EF ≥ 50 % (n = 23)	sepsis vs trauma
LV end-diastolic volume (ml)	107 ± 19	92 ± 29	96 ± 20	0.500	89 ± 20	97 ± 21	0.174
LV end-systolic volume (ml)	40 ± 8	41 ± 18	38 ± 11	0.501	36 ± 12	38 ± 11	0.491
LV ejection fraction (%)	63 ± 4	54 ± 12	60 ± 7	0.019	60 ± 8	60 ± 6	0.973
LV fractional shortening (%)	59 ± 4	49 ± 12	55 ± 9	0.066	49 ± 12	55 ± 9	0.832
RV fractional area change (%)	47 ± 6	40 ± 16	45 ± 26	0.067	54 ± 10	55 ± 9	0.156
Stroke volume (ml)	84 ± 20	68 ± 22	70 ± 14	0.711	74 ± 20	71 ± 13	0.457
TVI-LVOT (cm)	22 ± 3	17.5 ± 5	18.6 ± 4	0.356	19.2 ± 4.4	18.9 ± 4.0	0.802
Cardiac output (l/min)	5.6 ± 1.5	6.7 ± 2.3	6.0 ± 1.9	0.273	7.2 ± 2.1	6.2 ± 1.8	0.070
LV IVRT (ms)	82 ± 24	65 ± 23	68 ± 20	0.603	63 ± 23	68 ± 20	0.437
E-deceleration time (ms)	193 ± 38	175 ± 59	172 ± 55	0.845	177 ± 66	172 ± 55	0.746
E (cm/sek)	72 ± 16	77 ± 30	69 ± 15	0.262	80 ± 34	69 ± 15	0.969
A (cm/sek)	54 ± 15	60 ± 28	54 ± 15	0.357	65 ± 28	54 ± 15	0.183
E/A	1.3 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.8	1.3 ± 0.4	0.342	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4	0.122
S/D	1.1 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	0.939	1.0 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	0.623

Data are presented as means ± SD. LV left ventricular; RV right ventricular; TVI-LVOT time velocity integral of the LV outflow tract; E-deceleration time peak early LV diastolic flow deceleration time; E maximum flow velocity during early LV diastolic filling; A maximum flow velocity during late diastolic LV filling, S/D; ratio between pulmonary vein peak systolic (S) and peak diastolic (D) flow velocities

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