Fig. 3
From: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and echocardiographic exam: an useful interaction
Illustrative clinical case of combined CPET and stress echo approach in a patient affected by HFpEF. CPET analysis shows clear oscillatory patterns of minute ventilation (VE) (a) and reduced VE/VCO2 ratio (b). Echocardiographic exam at rest shows a preserved ejection fraction (c) and an E/e’ ratio in the normal range (e). At peak exercise the ejection fraction is normal (d) but E/e’ appears to be pathologically increased (f)