Table 1 Baseline Clinical and Echocardiography Characteristics
From: Mid-term effect of balloon aortic valvuloplasty on mitral regurgitation in aortic stenosis
Variables | All (n = 83) | MR group (n = 40) | Non-MR group (n = 43) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical data | ||||
Age, years | 86.2 ± 5.4 | 86.1 ± 6.5 | 86.4 ± 4.1 | 0.819 |
Female, n (%) | 56 (67.5) | 25 (62.5) | 31 (72.1) | 0.482 |
Body surface area, m2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 0.821 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.0 ± 3.4 | 20.8 ± 3.6 | 21.2 ± 3.3 | 0.623 |
NYHA III/IV, n (%) | 47 (60.2) | 28 (70.0) | 19 (44.2) | 0.094 |
STS score, % | 9.6 ± 6.9 | 11.1 ± 7.5 | 8.2 ± 6.0 | 0.051 |
Comorbidities,n(%) | ||||
Hypertension | 63 (75.9) | 29 (72.5) | 34 (79.1) | 0.609 |
Diabetes mellitus | 24 (28.9) | 13 (32.5) | 11 (25.6) | 0.629 |
Dyslipidemia | 31 (37.3) | 12 (30.0) | 19 (44.2) | 0.256 |
History of smoking | 11 (13.3) | 5 (12.5) | 6 (14.0) | 1.000 |
Coronary artery diseases | 13 (15.7) | 8 (20.0) | 5 (11.6) | 0.371 |
Peripheral arterial diseases | 8 (9.6) | 5 (12.5) | 3 (7.0) | 0.473 |
Cerebrovascular diseases | 11 (13.3) | 7 (17.5) | 4 (9.3) | 0.340 |
Atrial fibrillation | 26 (31.3) | 17 (42.5) | 9 (20.9) | 0.057 |
Approach for BAV,n(%) | ||||
Antegrade BAV | 65 (78.3) | 29 (72.5) | 36 (83.7) | 0.288 |
Previous BAV | 12 (14.5) | 5 (12.5) | 7 (16.3) | 0.758 |
Laboratory data | ||||
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.0 ± 1.7 | 10.5 ± 1.7 | 11.6 ± 1.6 | 0.004 |
Albumin, g/dL | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 0.010 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.002 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 45.1 ± 20.3 | 39.4 ± 19.0 | 50.4 ± 20.1 | 0.012 |
BNP, pg/mL | 377 (167–758) | 702 (391–1042) | 216 (112–422) | < 0.001 |
Medications,n(%) | ||||
β-blocker | 52 (62.7) | 26 (65.0) | 26 (60.5) | 0.821 |
ACEI/ARB | 57 (68.7) | 26 (65.0) | 31 (72.1) | 0.636 |
Statin | 33 (39.8) | 12 (30.0) | 21 (48.8) | 0.116 |
CCB | 34 (41.0) | 9 (22.5) | 25 (58.1) | 0.002 |
Loop diuretics | 48 (57.8) | 25 (62.5) | 23 (53.5) | 0.506 |
MRA | 22 (26.5) | 11 (27.5) | 11 (25.6) | 1.000 |
Tolvaptan | 6 (7.2) | 5 (12.5) | 1 (2.3) | 0.101 |
Anticoagulant | 15 (18.1) | 8 (20.0) | 7 (16.3) | 0.778 |
Antiplatelet | 22 (26.5) | 11 (27.5) | 11 (25.6) | 1.000 |
Echocardiography parameters | ||||
Conventional parameters | ||||
LVEDD, mm | 44.6 ± 6.7 | 46.2 ± 6.0 | 43.2 ± 7.1 | 0.039 |
LVESV, mm | 30.7 ± 7.1 | 32.6 ± 6.8 | 28.9 ± 7.0 | 0.018 |
LVEF, % | 55.2 ± 11.2 | 51.4 ± 13.0 | 58.6 ± 7.8 | 0.003 |
LVSVI, mL | 41.6 ± 12.9 | 38.3 ± 11.7 | 44.7 ± 13.2 | 0.023 |
IVST, mm | 10.8 ± 2.3 | 10.7 ± 2.1 | 10.9 ± 2.4 | 0.574 |
PWT, mm | 10.5 ± 2.1 | 10.5 ± 2.0 | 10.5 ± 2.2 | 0.983 |
E/A | 0.94 ± 0.58 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.089 |
E/e’ | 19.15 ± 8.21 | 20.37 ± 8.59 | 18.03 ± 7.78 | 0.203 |
TR-PG, mmHg | 33.8 ± 14.2 | 40.5 ± 15.4 | 33.4 ± 12.2 | 0.023 |
AR ≥ moderate, n (%) | 8 (9.6) | 5 (12.5) | 3 (7.0) | 0.473 |
AS parameters | ||||
AVA, cm2 | 0.68 ± 0.16 | 0.66 ± 0.17 | 0.70 ± 0.15 | 0.301 |
AVAi, cm2/m2 | 0.48 ± 0.11 | 0.47 ± 0.12 | 0.49 ± 0.10 | 0.401 |
Peak V, m/s | 3.95 ± 0.85 | 3.81 ± 0.87 | 4.08 ± 0.81 | 0.147 |
mPG, mmHg | 37.4 ± 16.3 | 35.6 ± 17.0 | 39.1 ± 15.6 | 0.330 |
MR parameters | ||||
MR jet area, cm2 | 4.1 ± 3.6 | 7.0 ± 2.9 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
%MR, % | 20.6 ± 16.5 | 34.0 ± 13.1 | 8.1 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 |
Etiology of MR | ||||
Type I | 16 | 16 | – | – |
Type II | 5 | 5 | – | – |
Type IIIa | 10 | 10 | – | – |
Type IIIb | 9 | 9 | – | – |