Table 2 Reference range of 3D global longitudinal strain from six large studies
From: A review of current trends in three-dimensional analysis of left ventricular myocardial strain
Author year (Ref.#) | n | Race | Vendor | Tracking | Mean ± SD | LLN (Overall) (mean-1.96SD) | Mean ± SD male | Mean ± SD female | P (male vs. female) | LLN (Male) (mean-1.96SD) | LLN (Female) (mean-1.96SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kaku 2014 [59] | 241 | Japanese/American | TomTec | Subendocardial | 19.6 ± 3.1% | 13.5% | 18.7 ± 2.8% | 20.6 ± 3.1% | < 0.001 | 13.2% | 14.5% |
Xia 2014 [60] | 153 | Chinese | Toshiba | Full myocardial | 15.2 ± 0.8% | 13.6% | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Muraru 2014 [58] | 265 | European | GE | Full myocardial | 18.7 ± 2.6% | 13.5% | 17.8 ± 2.4% | 19.4 ± 2.6% | < 0.001 | 13.0% | 14.2% |
Muraru 2014 [58] | 265 | European | TomTec | Subendocardial | 20.4 ± 3.8% | 12.8% | 19.5 ± 3.8% | 21.1 ± 3.6% | < 0.001 | 11.9% | 13.9% |
Kleijn 2015 [61] | 303 | European/American | Toshiba | Full myocardial | 15.9 ± 2.4% | 11.2% | 15.5 ± 2.4% | 16.3 ± 2.3% | 0.003 | 10.8% | 11.8% |
Bernard 2017 [62] | 440 | European | TomTec | Subendocardial | 21.0 ± 2.6% | 15.9% | 20.4 ± 2.7% | 21.4 ± 2.4% | < 0.001 | 15.1% | 16.7% |
Kovacs 2019 [63] | 178 | European | Toshiba | Full myocardial | 16.1 ± 2.5% | 11.1% | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |