Table 4 Summary of studies using 3D strain in cancer patients who had received cardiotoxic drugs

Mornos 2014 [71]

various

Anthracycline (100%)

Before and at 12 and 36 weeks

3D STE: 75%

14%

3D GLS: 19.4 ± 2.3%

3D GCS: 21.4 ± 1.7%

3D GRS: 42.4 ± 5.3%

17.5 ± 2.4%*

20.9 ± 1.7%

37.6 ± 5.4%*

Δ3D GLS was an independent predictor for future CTRCD. Δ3D GLS of 13.7% had an 88% sensitivity and a 71% specificity for CTRCD.

Tarr 2015 [39]

various

Anthracycline (28%)

Before and 3 months

2D STE: 100%

3D STE: 100%

NA

2D GLS: 15.0 ± 4.2%

2D GRS: 28.0 ± 10.6%

3D GLS: 13.0 ± 2.6%

3D GCS: 21.0 ± 4.5%

3D GRS: 28.0 ± 12.8%

14.0 ± 4.6%*

21.0 ± 11.5%*

12.0 ± 2.2%

22.0 ± 4.7%

26.0 ± 14.5%

3D global strains did not show a significant decrease after therapy.

Santoro 2017 [26]

breast

Anthracycline (100%)

Before and at 4 months

2D STE: 91% /90%

3D vol.: 88% /67%

3D STE: 84% /60%

NA

2D GLS: 22.2 ± 2.3%

3D LVEF: 62 ± 7%

3D GLS: 17.6 ± 3.2%

3D GCS: 16.8 ± 2.8%

3D GAS: 30.2 ± 4.5%

3D GRS: 47.4 ± 9.2%

20.1 ± 6.6%*

60 ± 7%*

16.2 ± 3.5%*

15.2 ± 2.9%*

27.5 ± 5.4%*

43.1 ± 10.7%

% reduction of 2D GLS > 15% was observed in 17 patients (17%).

3D-derived LVEF decreased < 50% in 4 out of 67 patients (6%).

Song 2017 [72]

lymphoma

Anthracycline (100%)

Before, at 3 weeks, and at the end of Tx.

2D STE: 93% /93%/93%

3D STE: 93% /93%/93%

NA

2D LVEF: 70 ± 3%

2D GLS: 21.5 ± 2.5%

3D GLS: 21.8 ± 2.9%

3D GCS: 29.9 ± 4.4%

69 ± 3%

20.7 ± 2.1%

27.5 ± 4.5%*

27.3 ± 5.0%*

2D GLS and LVEF did not change, but 3D GLS and 3D GCS were significantly reduced 3 weeks after therapy.

Zhang 2018 [73]

breast

Anthracycline (100%)

Trastuzumab (9%)

Before and annually

3D STE: 94%

NA

3D LVEF: 56.8%

3D GLS:16.8%

3D GCS: 27.3%

3D principal strain: 29.9%

51.5%*

15.3%*

24.2%*

26.0%*

3D LVEF, 3D GLS, 3D GCS, and 3D principal strain were associated with concurrent and subsequent changes in systolic function.

Chen 2019 [74]

breast

Anthracycline (100%)

Before, during, and after Tx.

3D STE:100%

NA

3D GLS 18.1 ± 2.2%

3D GCS 18.7 ± 2.6%

3D GAS 34.1 ± 2.8%

3D GRS 44.9 ± 5.2%

14.9 ± 2.5%*

15.7 ± 0.3%*

23.9 ± 2.6%*

43.3 ± 4.9%

There was a significant correlation between 3D GAS and the culminating dose of anthracycline (r = 0.77).

Cruz 2019 [53]

breast

Anthracycline (100%)

Trastuzumab (52%)

Before and during Tx.

2D STE: 100% (patients)/ 96% (segments)

3D STE: 100% (patients)/ 94% (segments)

23%

2D LVEF: 66 ± 8%

2D GLS: 21.1 ± 3.0%

3D LVEF: 62 ± 6%

3D GLS: 15.6 ± 3.4%

3D GCS: 14.0 ± 4.0%

3D GAS: 27.0 ± 8.5%

3D GRS: 42.0 ± 17.0%

58 ± 11%*

18.8 ± 3.1%*

54 ± 9%*

10.9 ± 4.1%*

11.0 ± 5.0%*

20.0 ± 9.0%*

28.5 ± 17.5%*

Percent reduction of 3D GCS (cut-off value of 34.2%) and that of 3D GRS (34.5%) predicted CTRCT with 70% diagnostic accuracy.