Parameters | Healthy controls (n = 50) | Disease controls (n = 33) | PAF patients (n = 63) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60 ± 14 | 66 ± 15 | 62 ± 13 | 0.21 |
Female, n (%) | 19 (38) | 12 (36) | 17 (27) | 0.41 |
Body mass index | 22.0 ± 3.3 | 23.1 ± 4.1 | 24.5 ± 3.6†§ | < 0.001 |
CHADS2 score | 0.18 ± 0.39 | 2.88 ± 1.05† | 1.27 ± 1.10†‡ | < 0.001 |
CHA2DS2-VASc score | 0.82 ± 0.92 | 4.15 ± 1.48† | 2.14 ± 1.63†‡ | < 0.001 |
Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 0 (0) | 4 (12) | 15 (24) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 0 (0) | 18 (55) | 37 (59) | < 0.001 |
Age ≥ 75 years, n (%) | 8 (16) | 7 (21) | 11 (17) | 0.83 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0 (0) | 4 (12) | 11 (17) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 16 (48) | 14 (22) | < 0.001 |
Stroke/TIA, n (%) | 0 (0) | 32 (97) | 3 (5) | < 0.001 |
Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 5 (8) | 0.046 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 74 ± 23 | 64 ± 23* | 68 ± 17 | 0.060 |
Cardiac medications | ||||
Digitalis, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
Diuretics, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (9) | 10 (16) | 0.013 |
Nitrates, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 0.031 |
ARBs/ACEIs, n (%) | 0 (0) | 12 (36) | 23 (37) | < 0.001 |
Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 0 (0) | 11 (33) | 20 (32) | < 0.001 |
Beta-blockers, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (9) | 21 (33) | < 0.001 |
Antiarrhythmic drugs, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 20 (32) | < 0.001 |