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Table 1 Demographic data of the study groups

From: Usefulness of tissue Doppler-derived atrial electromechanical delay for identifying patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Parameters

Healthy controls

(n = 50)

Disease controls

(n = 33)

PAF patients

(n = 63)

P

Age (years)

60 ± 14

66 ± 15

62 ± 13

0.21

Female, n (%)

19 (38)

12 (36)

17 (27)

0.41

Body mass index

22.0 ± 3.3

23.1 ± 4.1

24.5 ± 3.6†§

< 0.001

CHADS2 score

0.18 ± 0.39

2.88 ± 1.05†

1.27 ± 1.10†‡

< 0.001

CHA2DS2-VASc score

0.82 ± 0.92

4.15 ± 1.48†

2.14 ± 1.63†‡

< 0.001

Congestive heart failure, n (%)

0 (0)

4 (12)

15 (24)

< 0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

0 (0)

18 (55)

37 (59)

< 0.001

Age ≥ 75 years, n (%)

8 (16)

7 (21)

11 (17)

0.83

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

0 (0)

4 (12)

11 (17)

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

0 (0)

16 (48)

14 (22)

< 0.001

Stroke/TIA, n (%)

0 (0)

32 (97)

3 (5)

< 0.001

Peripheral artery disease, n (%)

0 (0)

2 (6)

5 (8)

0.046

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

74 ± 23

64 ± 23*

68 ± 17

0.060

Cardiac medications

 Digitalis, n (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Diuretics, n (%)

0 (0)

3 (9)

10 (16)

0.013

 Nitrates, n (%)

0 (0)

2 (6)

0 (0)

0.031

 ARBs/ACEIs, n (%)

0 (0)

12 (36)

23 (37)

< 0.001

 Calcium channel blockers, n (%)

0 (0)

11 (33)

20 (32)

< 0.001

 Beta-blockers, n (%)

0 (0)

3 (9)

21 (33)

< 0.001

 Antiarrhythmic drugs, n (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

20 (32)

< 0.001

  1. Values are mean (±SD) or number of subjects (%)
  2. ACEI Indicates angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB Angiotensin receptor blockers, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, and TIA transient ischemic attack
  3. *P < 0.05 and †P < 0.01 vs Healthy controls; §P < 0.05 and ‡P < 0.01 vs Disease controls