Fig. 1

Measurement of 3D PISA EROA. a The TR VTI was measured by continuous-wave Doppler. b The arrow was set in direction of regurgitation. c The full volume ultrasound images were displayed in three orthogonal planes (left, four-chamber view; center, two-chamber view; right, short-axis view). PISA was visualized as green overlay on a 3D color Doppler image. 3D PISA EROA was calculated as (3D PISA x Valiasing)/ peak TR velocity