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Table 2 Echocardiographic parameters, global and stratified by left atrial emptying fraction

From: Left atrial functional assessment and mortality in patients with severe aortic stenosis with sinus rhythm

Variable

All patients (n = 408)

LAEF < 37% (n = 116)

LAEF 37–53% (n = 139)

LAEF ≥ 54% (n = 153)

P Value

LAPEF, %

24.6 ± 10.3

15.7 ± 7.5

25.0 ± 7.9

30.8 ± 9.2

< 0.001

LAPEVi, mL/m2

11.2 ± 5.2

9.0 ± 5.2

12.0 ± 4.9

12.2 ± 4.9

< 0.001

LAAEF, %

28.9 ± 16.8

10.2 ± 6.8

26.9 ± 9.3

44.3 ± 11.8

< 0.001

LAAEVi, mL/m2

9.4 ± 5.0

5 ± 3.5

9.7 ± 4.1

12.1 ± 4.7

< 0.001

LVEF, %

57.5 ± 11.2

50.8 ± 14.8

59.0 ± 8.6

61.5 ± 6.6

< 0.001

LVEF ≥50%, n (%)

344 (83.7)

71 (61.7)

126 (90.6)

145 (95.4)

< 0.001

Aortic valve area, cm2

0.75 ± 0.33

0.63 ± 0.20

0.75 ± 0.19

0.84 ± 0.47

< 0.001

Aortic valve indexed to BSA, cm2/m2

0.44 ± 0.37

0.38 ± 0.11

0.42 ± 0.10

0.51 ± 0.57

0.018

Transaortic mean pressure gradient, mmHg

49.1 ± 14.2

47.9 ± 16.8

49.7 ± 13.7

49.4 ± 12.4

0.562

Peak aortic jet velocity, m/s

4.45 ± 0.59

4.36 ± 0.76

4.47 ± 0.54

4.49 ± 0.48

0.153

Very severe aortic stenosis*, n (%)

97 (23.7)

28 (24.6)

33 (23.9)

34 (22.2)

0.894

LVOT VTI / AV VTI ratio

0.23 ± 0.07

0.21 ± 0.06

0.22 ± 0.06

0.25 ± 0.07

< 0.001

Enlarged right ventricle, n (%)

55 (13.3)

30 (25.9)

11 (7.9)

14 (9.2)

< 0.001

TAPSE, mm

21.1 ± 3.9

19.6 ± 4.0

21.5 ± 3.7

22.0 ± 3.8

< 0.001

TAPSE < 16 mm, n (%)

23 (5.6)

16 (13.9)

2 (1.4)

4 (2.6)

< 0.001

RV/RA gradient, mmHg

30.9 ± 11.3

36.3 ± 13.3

26.7 ± 7.1

28.3 ± 9.2

< 0.001

SPAP, mmHg

35.2 ± 13.2

42.0 ± 15.9

30.1 ± 7.6

32.3 ± 10.8

< 0.001

Left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%)

222 (55.2)

74 (64.9)

79 (58.1)

67 (45.6)

0.006

Severe left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%)

9 (2.2)

6 (5.3)

2 (1.5)

1 (0.7)

< 0.001

Mitral E velocity, m/s

0.83 ± 0.25

0.94 ± 0.25

0.81 ± 0.25

0.79 ± 0.22

< 0.001

Mitral A velocity, m/s

0.96 ± 0.33

0.83 ± 0.43

1.03 ± 3.02

0.99 ± 0.3

< 0.001

Septal e’ velocity, cm/s

4.81 ± 1.70

0.38 ± 0.12

0.47 ± 0.17

0.55 ± 0.16

< 0.001

Septal a’ velocity, cm/s

7.10 ± 2.23

0.51 ± 0.18

0.71 ± 0.18

0.84 ± 0.19

< 0.001

E/A ratio

1.04 ± 0.80

1.59 ± 1.30

0.86 ± 0.41

0.84 ± 0.37

< 0.001

E/e’ ratio

19.22 ± 7.82

26.38 ± 9.33

18.43 ± 5.66

15.17 ± 4.42

< 0.001

Diastolic L wave, n (%)

20 (5.9)

14 (16.5)

3 (2.6)

2 (1.5)

< 0.001

  1. AV denotes aortic valve, LAEF left atrial emptying fraction, LAAEF left atrial active emptying fraction, LAAEVi indexed left atrial active emptying volume, LAPEF left atrial passive emptying fraction, LAPEVi indexed left atrial passive emptying volume, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVOT left ventricular outflow tract, RV/RA right ventricle/right atrium, SPAP systolic pulmonary artery pressure, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, VTI velocity time integral.
  2. * Defined as transaortic mean pressure gradient ≥60 mmHg or peak aortic jet velocity ≥ 5 m/s