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Table 2 Clinical parameters of the study population

From: Characteristics and prognosis of patients with cryptogenic stroke and suggestive of patent foramen ovale

 

Positive ASE (n = 92)

Negative ASE (n = 211)

p

Age (years)

49.5 ± 10.8

53.8 ± 8.1

0.001

Male gender

60 (65.0%)

139 (65.9%)

1.000

SBP (mmHg)

124.9 ± 17.2

127.3 ± 16.2

0.257

DBP

76.8 ± 12.5

76.9 ± 10.4

0.971

Heart rate (bpm)

69.3 ± 11.2

67.2 ± 10.4

0.108

Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.1 ± 3.3

25.0 ± 3.9

0.046

Brain MRI

  

0.331

 TIA

18 (19.6%)

25 (11.8%)

 

 Acute stroke

53 (57.6%)

146 (69.2%)

 

 Small vessel disease

8 (8.7%)

17 (8.1%)

 

 Undetermined

13 (14.1%)

20 (10.9%)

 

 Any abnormality

61 (66.3%)

163 (77.3%)

0.046

Brain MRA

  

0.282

 Normal

41 (48.8%)

85 (40.5%)

 

 Aneurysm

14 (16.7%)

363 (17.1%)

 

 Stenosis

31 (36.9%)

101 (48.1%)

0.092

 Vasculitis et al

5 (6.0%)

7 (3.3%)

 

Thrombolysis

2 (1.7%)

10 (5.6%)

0.133

Hypertension

28 (30.4%)

92 (43.6%)

0.041

Diabetes

15 (16.3%)

46 (21.8%)

0.350

Prior events

8 (8.7%)

26 (12.3%)

0.432

RoPE score

5.73 ± 1.51

4.99 ± 1.54

 < 0.001

Current smoker

43 (46.7%)

95 (45.0%)

0.803

Medications

 Aspirin

1 (1.1%)

18 (8.6%)

0.010

 RASB

15 (16.3%)

40 (19.0%)

0.629

 Statin

8 (8.7%)

28 (13.3%)

0.335

aPFO device therapy

6 (6.6%)

0

0.001

 Recurrence

4 (4.7%)

13 (6.2%)

0.407

 Loss of follow up

1(1.1%)

34 (16.1%)

0.001

  1. Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD) or n (%)
  2. ASE agitated saline echo, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic BP, MRI magnetic resonance image, TIA transient ischemic attack, MRA magnetic resonance angiography, RASB Renin-Angiotensin system blocker, CCB calcium-channel blocker, OHA oral hypoglycemic agents, PFO patent foramen ovale
  3. aDevice therapy was performed in 6 patients with PFO confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography, and all were ASE grade 3