Evaluation of prenatal changes in fetal cardiac morphology and function in maternal diabetes mellitus using a novel fetal speckle-tracking analysis: a prospective cohort study

Table 1 Baseline maternal and fetal characteristics of GDM group and control group

Characteristics	GDM group (mean ± SD)			Control group (mean ± SD)			P-value
Characteristics	24⁺⁰–27⁺⁶ weeks (n = 31)	28⁺⁰–40⁺⁰ weeks (n = 27)	Total (n = 58)	24⁺⁰–27⁺⁶ weeks (n = 31)	28⁺⁰–40⁺⁰ weeks (n = 27)	Total (n = 58)	P1	P2	P3
Maternal age (years)	31.1 ± 3.7	33.6 ± 3.1	32.3 ± 3.6	31.7 ± 3.1	29.8 ± 3.8	30.8 ± 3.5	0.456	0.000	0.033
BMI (Kg/m2)	25.0 ± 4.6	25.1 ± 4.2	25.0 ± 4.4	22.2 ± 3.2	22.7 ± 3.1	22.4 ± 3.1	0.008	0.020	0.000
Gestational age (weeks)	25.7 ± 1.4	30.7 ± 1.8	28.0 ± 2.9	25.8 ± 1.2	30.7 ± 2.5	28.1 ± 3.1	0.199	0.788	0.750
FHR (bpm)	148.26 ± 8.1	146.00 ± 8.47	147.12 ± 8.36	147.26 ± 6.2	144.11 ± 7.03	145.68 ± 7.09	0.586	0.377	0.315
EFW (Kg)	0.89 ± 0.18	1.70 ± 0.34	1.28 ± 0.49	0.90 ± 0.16	1.73 ± 0.55	1.29 ± 0.57	0.817	0.801	0.946
HbA1c (mmol/L)			5.3 ± 0.57

Continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation
GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, FHR fetal heart rate, Bpm beats per min, EFW estimated fetal weight, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin
P1: GDM (24⁺⁰–27⁺⁶ weeks) vs. Controls (24⁺⁰–27⁺⁶ weeks)
P2: GDM (28⁺⁰–40⁺⁰ weeks) vs. Controls (28⁺⁰–40⁺⁰ weeks)
P3: GDM vs. Controls

ISSN: 1476-7120