Table 1 Baseline characteristics in patients with and without cardiac amyloidosis
Variables | Available data | Overall (n = 295) | CA (n = 54) | Non-CA (n = 241) | p value (CA vs Non-CA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 295 | 67 (55–75) | 75 (68–79) | 65 (55–72) | < 0.01 |
Male sex, n (%) | 295 | 191 (65) | 47 (87) | 144 (60) | < 0.01 |
Body weight (kg) | 295 | 61.9 (53.0–72.0) | 57.5 (53.0–65.8) | 62.0 (53.0–74.0) | 0.048 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 295 | 23.6 (21.1–26.7) | 22.1 (20.6–24.5) | 24.0 (21.4–27.1) | < 0.01 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 294 | 129 (112–146) | 111 (100–125) | 133 (117–150) | < 0.01 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 294 | 71 (62–80) | 63 (56–72) | 72 (64–82) | < 0.01 |
Heart rate (/min) | 295 | 69 (60–79) | 72 (66–78) | 68 (59–79) | 0.08 |
NYHA functional class at discharge (I/II/III/IV), n (%) | 295 | 149/59/49/38 (50/20/17/13) | 13/18/16/7 (24/33/30/13) | 136/41/33/31 (56/17/14/13) | < 0.01 |
Comorbidities | |||||
Hypertension, n (%) | 295 | 141 (48) | 16 (30) | 125 (52) | < 0.01 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 295 | 57 (19) | 4 (7) | 53 (22) | 0.01 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 295 | 85 (29) | 12 (22) | 73 (30) | 0.32 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 295 | 74 (25) | 14 (26) | 23 (10) | < 0.01 |
Device (N/PPM/ICD/CRT), n (%) | 295 | 263/16/11/5 (89/5/4/2) | 43/7/1/3 (80/13/2/6) | 220/9/10/2 (91/4/4/1) | < 0.01 |
Serum markers | |||||
B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 272 | 123.9 (49.8–352.3) | 263.7 (135.2–860.3) | 109.5 (44.9–271.1) | < 0.01 |
Troponin positive*, n (%) | 79 | 51 (65) | 19 (86) | 32 (56) | 0.01 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 290 | 13.3 (11.9–14.8) | 13.0 (11.5–14.3) | 13.5 (11.9–15.0) | 0.07 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 292 | 61.1 (46.1–73.6) | 52.3 (40.5–67.9) | 62.0 (48.8–73.9) | 0.01 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 292 | 140 (138–142) | 139 (136–141) | 140 (139–142) | < 0.01 |
Serum albumin (mg/L) | 287 | 4.0 (3.5–4.3) | 3.7 (3.1–4.0) | 4.1 (3.7–4.3) | < 0.01 |
Electrocardiographic variables | |||||
SV1 + RV5 voltage (mm) | 295 | 3.1 (1.9–4.1) | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | 3.3 (2.2–4.4) | < 0.01 |
PQ duration (ms) | 255 | 174 (157–202) | 195 (160–239) | 172 (156–197) | 0.02 |
QRS duration (ms) | 295 | 102 (92–116) | 108 (95–138) | 102 (92–114) | 0.01 |
Heart-rate-corrected QT (ms) | 295 | 438 (418–459) | 448 (423–467) | 437 (416–453) | < 0.01 |
Right bundle branch block, n (%) | 295 | 27 (9) | 8 (15) | 19 (8) | 0.12 |
Left bundle branch block, n (%) | 295 | 18 (6) | 7 (13) | 11 (5) | 0.03 |
Pseudo-infarct pattern, n (%) | 295 | 48 (16) | 16 (30) | 32 (13) | < 0.01 |
Low voltage, n (%) | 295 | 11 (3) | 7 (13) | 4 (2) | < 0.01 |
Conventional echocardiographic variables | |||||
Interventricular septal thickness (mm) | 295 | 13.0 (11.0–15.0) | 14.0 (13.0–15.6) | 12.0 (11.0–15.0) | < 0.01 |
LV posterior wall thickness (mm) | 295 | 11.0 (10.0–13.0) | 13.0 (11.0–15.0) | 11.0 (10.0–12.0) | < 0.01 |
LV mean wall thickness (mm) | 295 | 11.9 (10.5–13.5) | 13.5 (11.6–15.4) | 11.5 (10.5–13.0) | < 0.01 |
LV mass index (g/m2) | 295 | 137.5 (112.5–169.3) | 140.2 (114.0–179.1) | 136.5 (112.0–168.6) | 0.35 |
LV end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 295 | 48.0 (43.0–54.0) | 45.0 (40.0–49.0) | 49.0 (44.0–54.0) | < 0.01 |
LV end-systolic diameter (mm) | 295 | 31.0 (25.6–37.0) | 31.0 (27.0–35.0) | 31.0 (25.0–39.0) | 0.59 |
LV end-diastolic volume (mL) | 295 | 75.0 (59.1–101.0) | 72.0 (59.2–88.8) | 76.0 (59.1–105.7) | 0.19 |
LV end-systolic volume (mL) | 295 | 30.0 (21.0–46.5) | 32.3 (22.3–40.3) | 29.0 (21.0–48.5) | 0.84 |
LV ejection fraction (%) | 295 | 59.3 (48.8–66.7) | 55.1 (49.9–62.9) | 61.0 (48.5–66.9) | 0.16 |
E velocity deceleration time (ms) | 295 | 200 (161–245) | 169 (145–200) | 208 (168–256) | < 0.01 |
e’-wave velocity (cm/s) | 289 | 4.3 (3.4–5.6) | 4.0 (2.8–4.5) | 4.6 (3.6–5.8) | < 0.01 |
Septal E/e’ | 289 | 15.2 (11.5–20.5) | 19.6 (16.2–26.6) | 14.0 (11.1–18.3) | < 0.01 |
LA volume index (mL/m2) | 292 | 42.7 (30.0–54.6) | 48.7 (40.2–60.9) | 40.7 (29.1–53.4) | < 0.01 |
Moderate to severe mitral regurgitation, n (%) | 293 | 40 (14) | 11 (20) | 29 (12) | 0.13 |
Moderate to severe aortic regurgitation, n (%) | 293 | 19 (6) | 5 (9) | 14 (6) | 0.36 |
Pericardial effusion, n (%) | 286 | 22 (8) | 6 (11) | 16 (7) | 0.26 |
Granular sparkling, n (%) | 285 | 38 (13) | 10 (19) | 28 (12) | 0.18 |
Interatrial septal wall thickness (mm) | 282 | 6.7 (5.5–7.9) | 6.6 (4.9–8.7) | 6.8 (5.5–7.8) | 0.55 |
Right ventricular wall thickness (mm) | 285 | 3.8 (3.2–4.4) | 3.9 (3.4–4.4) | 3.7 (3.2–4.3) | 0.20 |
Anterior mitral valve leaflet thickness (mm) | 285 | 2.9 (2.4–3.5) | 3.2 (2.7–3.5) | 2.9 (2.4–3.5) | 0.12 |
Strain imaging variables | |||||
LV global longitudinal strain (%) | 287 | −11.8 (−15.1–-8.6) | −10.0 (−12.5–-7.5) | −12.4 (−15.3–-8.7) | < 0.01 |
Ejection fraction strain ratio | 287 | 4.8 (3.9–6.1) | 5.4 (4.4–6.8) | 4.6 (3.8–6.0) | 0.01 |
LA longitudinal strain (reservoir phase) (%) | 260 | 14.9 (9.1–22.2) | 7.7 (6.1–12.0) | 17.5 (12.3–23.8) | < 0.01 |
LA longitudinal strain (booster phase) (%) | 226 | 8.7 (5.0–11.8) | 3.5 (1.9–5.2) | 9.6 (6.4–12.8) | < 0.01 |
qRASP | 287 | 0.69 (0.50–0.84) | 1.02 (0.84–1.19) | 0.63 (0.47–0.77) | < 0.01 |
qRASP > 1.00, n (%) | 287 | 41 (14) | 29 (55) | 12 (5) | < 0.01 |
qRASP > 0.90, n (%) | 287 | 55 (19) | 36 (68) | 19 (8) | < 0.01 |
qRASP > 0.87, n (%) | 287 | 62 (22) | 37 (70) | 25 (11) | < 0.01 |
sRASP, n (%) | 287 | 42 (15) | 26 (49) | 15 (6) | < 0.01 |