Table 2 Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with SLE

SLE-related factors

  SLEDAI-2000 score

9.0 (4.0, 16.0)

  Positive antinuclear antibody (%)

162 (100.0)

  Positive anti-double-stranded DNA (%)

68 (42.0)

  Positive anti-Smith antibody (%)

63(38.9)

  Positive U1-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (%)

38 (23.4)

  Positive antiphospholipid antibodies (%)

28 (17.3)

  C-reactive protein (mg/L)

16 ± 26

  Creatinine clearance (mL/min)

57 ± 34

Cardiovascular disease-related factors

  Hypertension (%)

49 (30.2)

  Hypercholesterolemia (%)

37 (22.8)

  Diabetes mellitus (%)

7 (4.3)

  Had a family history of premature coronary artery disease (%)

12 (7.4)

  Smoking (%)

6 (3.7)

  Body mass index > 25 kg/m² (%)

8 (4.9)

Medications

  Hydroxychloroquine (%)

95 (58.6)

  Glucocorticoids (%)

74 (45.6)

  Immunosuppressive drugs (%)

27 (16.7)

  Biological agents (%)

18 (11.1)

Cardiovascular medications

  ACE inhibitors/ARBs (%)

30 (18.5)

  Calcium channel blockers (%)

21 (12.9)

  β-blockers (%)

11 (6.8)

  Diuretics (%)

9 (5.6)