Table 2 Echocardiographic characteristics of participants

Conventional echocardiography

Left atrium volume index, ml/m²

22.9 ± 6.3

21.0 ± 5.6‡

20.0 ± 4.3

18.2 ± 3.8‡

LV internal diameter, cm

5.04 ± 0.49

5.00 ± 0.43

4.99 ± 0.43

4.88 ± 0.40†

Interventricular septum, cm

0.98 ± 0.17

0.95 ± 0.16‡

0.90 ± 0.13

0.85 ± 0.12‡

Posterior wall, cm

0.89 ± 0.14

0.87 ± 0.13* 0.82 ± 0.12

0.79 ± 0.11*

LV mass index, g/m²

92.5 ± 21.9

87.9 ± 20.4‡

82.9 ± 15.4

77.9 ± 15.5‡

Ejection fraction,%

68.2 ± 7.4

62.6 ± 5.9‡

67.1 ± 6.3

61.3 ± 5.5‡

Doppler data

E peak, cm/s

75.4 ± 15.9

71.6 ± 15.3‡

79.7 ± 14.7

76.1 ± 14.6†

A peak, cm/s

65.0 ± 17.5

58.6 ± 16.8‡

55.6 ± 12.8

48.4 ± 11.6‡

E/A ratio

1.26 ± 0.48

1.33 ± 0.52†

1.52 ± 0.49

1.66 ± 0.50†

e' peak#, cm/s

11.4 ± 3.6

11.2 ± 3.6

13.8 ± 3.1

13.7 ± 2.6

a' peak#, cm/s

10.1 ± 2.1

9.23 ± 2.1‡

9.37 ± 2.1

8.19 ± 2.0‡

e'/a' ratio#

1.24 ± 0.64

1.36 ± 0.70†

1.63 ± 0.68

1.84 ± 0.66‡

E/e' ratio

7.08 ± 2.2

6.88 ± 2.2

5.93 ± 1.2

5.65 ± 1.1†