Table 1 Patient characteristics and echocardiographic parameters in 260 persistent AF patients

Clinical parameters

 Age (year)

65.9 ± 10.5

68.9 ± 9.7

0.08

 Male, n (%)

165 (76)

35 (81)

0.41

 Smoking, n (%)

51 (23)

10 (23)

0.98

 Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)

45 (21)

13 (30)

0.17

 Hypertension, n (%)

128 (59)

31 (72)

0.10

 Dyslipidemia, n (%)

59 (27)

7 (16)

0.13

 Prior stroke, n (%)

25 (12)

11 (26)

0.015

 AF duration (year)

5.9 ± 5.8

7.1 ± 5.9

0.22

 PT-INR

1.89 ± 0.47

1.91 ± 0.44

0.81

 PT-INR met guideline

132 (61)

31 (72)

0.16

 CHADS2 score

1 (1 – 2)

2 (1 – 3)

0.003

Echocardiographic parameters

 LVEF (%)

57.7 ± 9.2

55.7 ± 9.0

0.19

 LAD (mm)

46.7 ± 6.5

49.0 ± 6.1

0.032

 Maximum LAA volume (ml)

10.6 ± 4.7

17.4 ± 9.9

<0.001

 Minimum LAA volume (ml)

7.4 ± 3.8

14.2 ± 8.4

<0.001

 SEC score (0-4 grade)

1 (1 – 1)

1 (1 – 2)

<0.001

 LAAPV (cm/sec)

29.6 ± 11.4

21.2 ± 6.6

<0.001

 LAA peak longitudinal strain

8.2 ± 5.0

2.7 ± 1.9

<0.001

 LAAEF (%)

31.3 ± 10.5

18.5 ± 4.2

<0.001