Cardiovascular Ultrasound

Table 3 Acoustic shadowing

From: Visualization of multimodal polymer-shelled contrast agents using ultrasound contrast sequences: an experimental study in a tissue mimicking flow phantom

CA	PI			PI			PM			PPI			CPS
CA	(f = 5/10 MHZ)			(f = 1.5/3.1 MHz)			(f = 1.5/3.2 MHz)			(f = 1.3/2.6 MHz)			(f = 4 MHz)
	10⁶	10⁵	10⁴	10⁶	10⁵	10⁴	10⁶	10⁵	10⁴	10⁶	10⁵	10⁴	10⁶	10⁵	10⁴
Plain PVA	p < 0.001	NS	NS	p < 0.001	NS	NS	p < 0.001	NS	NS	p < 0.001	p < 0.01	NS	p < 0.001	NS	NS
	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(1.2)	(1.2)	(1.2)	(1.0)	(0.8)	(0.8)
PVA Type A	p < 0.001	NS	NS	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	NS	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	NS	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	NS	NS
PVA Type A	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.6)	(1.2)	(1.2)	(1.2)	(0.8)	(0.6)	(0.6)
PVA Type B	p < 0.001	NS	NS	p < 0.001	NS	NS	P = 0.01	NS	NS	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.05	p < 0.001	NS	NS
PVA Type B	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.4)	(0.6)	(0.4)	(0.6)	(0.4)	(0.6)	(1.2)	(1.2)	(1.2)	(1.0)	(1.0)	(1.0)

Observations of acoustic shadowing, at the maximal contrast to tissue ratio (dB) value and its associated mechanical index (brackets) for the different types of the polymer-shelled shelled CA at three concentrations; 10⁶ MBs/ml, 10⁵ MBs/ml, 10⁴ MBs/ml. A significant shadowing effect is marked with its p-value and a non significant shadowing effect with NS (not significant).
PI = Pulse Inversion, PM = Power modulation, PPI = power pulse inversion, CPS = Contrast pulse sequence, PVA = Polyvinyl alcohol, NS = not significant.

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