The use of microbubbles to target drug delivery

Table 1 Ultrasound parameters and microbubbles used for delivering genes and drugs.

Author	Transfection	Transducer frequency	Delivery mode	Delivery site	Output	Peak negative pressure	Microbubble	Efficacy
Porter TR, et al¹	Antisense c-myc protooncogene	1 MHz	PW	Coronary arteries	0.6 W/cm²		PESDA	+
Zhou Z, et al²	VEGF	1 MHz	CW	Myocardium	1.2 W/cm²		Sonazoid	+
Taniyama Y, et al³	Luciferase			Carotid artery	2.5 W/cm²		Optison	+
Teupe C, et al⁴	β-galactosidase/ eNOS	2.2–4.4 MHz	CW	Coronary arteries			Gas-filled albumin microbubble	+
Porter TR, et al⁵	Antisense c-myc protooncogene	2 MHz	CW	Carotid artery		13 kPa	PESDA	-
		20 kHz	CW	Carotid artery		46 kPa	PESDA	+
Mukherjee D, et al⁶	VEGF	1.0 MHz	CW	Myocardium	0.2 W/cm²	0.164 MPa	PESDA	9.37 ± 1.98*
		1.0 MHz	CW	Myocardium	0.4 W/cm²	0.194 MPa	PESDA	18.58 ± 2.46*
		1.0 MHz	CW	Myocardium	0.6 W/cm²	0.328 MPa	PESDA	23.12 ± 3.95*
		1.0 MHz	CW	Myocardium	0.8 W/cm²	0.394 MPa	PESDA	25.46 ± 2.78*
		1.0 MHz	CW	Myocardium	1.0 W/cm²	0.419 MPa	PESDA	26.48 ± 3.98*
Shohet RV, et al⁷	β-galactosidase	1.3 MHz	ECG-triggered	Myocardium			Perfluorocarbon-filled microbubbles	+
Bao S, et al⁸	Luciferase	2.25 MHz		Cultured cells		0.2–0.4 MPa	Albunex	+

* Efficacy is demonstrated as mean ± SD endothelial vascular growth factor uptake by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CW = continuous wave; ECG = electrocardiogram; eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase; PESDA = perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose and albumin; PW = pulsed wave; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.

ISSN: 1476-7120