Table 1 Summary of studies on genetic effects of medical ultrasounds
Author, Year (Ref) | Assay System | Endpoint | Exposure | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Miller et al., 1983 (14) | Human lymphocytes exposed in vitro | SCE | 2 MHz SPPA intensity 100 W/cm2 | Negative |
Stella et al., 1984 (15) | Human lymphocytes exposed in vitro | SCE CA | 1 W/cm2; 0.860 MHz; for 40–160 sec | Positive/ Negative |
Barnett et al., 1987 (16) | Human lymphocytes exposed in vitro | SCE | 3.1 MHz SPPA intensities from 15 to 135 W/cm2. | Negative |
Carrera P et al., 1990 (17) | Chorionic villi exposed in vitro Chorionic villi from exposed pregnant women | SCE | 2 MHz at 1, 2, 3 h Diagnostic US for 20 min (in vivo exposure | Negative |
Miller et al., 1991 (18) | Human lymphocytes from exposed patients | SCE | 4 patients underwent therapeutic US 4 healthy persons underwent sham-therapeutic US | Negative |
Martini et al., 1991 (19) | Lymphocyte and lymphoblastoid cells exposed in vitro | SCE | 5 MHz for 20 sec, 1 min, 5 min, and 20 min | Negative |
Sahin O et al., 2004 (20) | Human lymphocytes from exposed patients | MN | 10 patients underwent 10 session of US therapy at 1 MHz for 10 min and 10 control subjects underwent sham-therapeutic US | Negative |
Garaj-Vrhovac and Kopjar, 2000 (22) | Human lymphocytes from cardiologists working with Doppler ultrasound | CA SCE MN | Unit working with colour Doppler US (transducer frequencies 2.5–7.5 MHz. SPPA intensity 60–110 W/cm2. | Positive |