Table 2 Summary of reported cases of LVF post pericardiocentesis: Electrocardiographic, biochemical, echocardiographic and outcome parameters

VanDyke (1983) [5]

Normal

Normal (EF 67%)

-

Nil

Normal

Normal

-

Intubation

No

Normal LV

Shenoy (1984) [22]

-

Mild LV impairment

Normal

Septal hypokinesis

Normal

T wave abnormality and ST elevation V5-6

-

-

No

Normalised few days later

Glasser (1987) [23]

-

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure normal

Normal (RVP increased)

-

-

-

-

Intubation

No

Clinical improvement

Downey (1991) [24]

-

Inferred to be normal

Normal

-

-

Normal

-

No

No

Normal LV

Wolfe (1993) [19]

Normal, EF > 50%

EF 30%

-

Severe global hypokinesis of LV

-

-

-

-

No

Normalised after 7 days

Wolfe (1993) [19]

Normal, EF > 50%

EF 25%

-

Antero-apical akinesis and apical dyskinesis

-

-

-

-

-

Normalised after 2 weeks

Hamaya (1993) [25]

Normal

-

-

Not provided

Normal

ST elevation

-

Inotropes and intubation

No

-

Braverman (1994) [26]

EF 20%

EF 20%

EF <15%

Not provided

-

-

-

-

-

EF 45% in 9 days then normalised after a few weeks

Anguera (1996) [27]

-

Mildly impaired. Normal capillary wedge pressure

Severely dilated and severely impaired contractility, EF <15%

Paradoxical septal motion

-

-

Normal coronary arteries

Inotropes

No

Complete recovery of biventricular fn after 10 days

Sunday (1999) [8]

EF 65%

EF 30%

Severely impaired contractility

Global hypokinesis

-

-

-

Intubation

Yes

No

Chamoun (2003) [6]

Normal, EF > 50%

EF 20%

-

Regional wall motion abnormality

-

SR

Normal coronary arteries

Inotropes and IABP

No

Normalised 2 weeks later

Chamoun (2003) [6]

Normal, EF > 50%

EF 20%

-

Akinesis of mid anterior wall and septum /dilatation of LV

-

SR

-

No

No

Normalised 2 weeks later

Geffroy (2004) [7]

Normal, EF > 50%

EF >50%

EF <15%

Akinetic and dilated RV

Elevated

Old RBBB

Normal coronary arteries

Inotropes and intubation

Yes

-

Ligero (2006) [20]

Normal, EF 75%

EF 25%

Severe impairment

Akinesis of anterior, septum and apex

Normal CK

Normal

Normal coronary arteries

Inotropes

No

Normalised 10 days later

Bernal (2007) [28]

Normal, EF 60-65%

EF 30%

-

Akinesis of mid anterior wall, anteroseptal akinesis with apical sparing

Elevated

Sinus tachycardia

CMR: no myocardial infarction

Inotropes and intubation

No

Normalised 1 weeks later

Dosios (2007) [9]

Normal LV fn

EF 25%

Moderately dilated, impaired

Global hypokinesis

Elevated

-

-

Inotropes and intubation

Yes

-

Sevimli (2008) [17]

Normal, EF > 50%

EF 20%

-

Akinesis in the left ventricular apex, and severe hypokinesis in the septum

-

Precordial TWI, normalised later

Normal coronary arteries

No

No

Normalised 10 days later

Khalili (2008) [27]

EF 35%

<10%

EF <15%

Global hypokinesis

-

Widening of QRS

-

Inotropes and IABP-

Yes

-

Flores (2009) [28]

EF 60%

13%

-

Global hypokinesis

Normal

Normal

Old RCA Branch lesion

Inotropes

No

Normalised 10 days later

Karamichalis (2009) [31]

-

-

-

-

Bradycardia

-

Inotropes and tracheostomy

Yes

-

Lee (2010) [18]

-

EF 20 -30%

-

Typical features of Takotsubo’s (diagnosed as such)

-

Precordial TWI, normalised later

Normal coronary arteries

No

Yes

No

Lim (2011) [32]

EF normal, 73%

EF 46%

-

Segmental wall motion abnormality

-

-

-

Inotropes and IABP

Yes

-

Abdelsalam (2012) [10]

Vigorous

EF 10-15%

Dilated and impaired fn

Takotsubo pattern of akinesia

-

ST elevation

-

Inotropes and IABP

Yes

-

Weijers (2013) [11]

Normal

Poor LV fn

-

General hypokinesia and anterior and septal akinesia

Normal

TWI and Q waves in anterolateral lead

-

-

No

Complete recovery of LV fn several months later

Liang (2014) [1]

Normal, EF 69%

EF 39% (on MRI)

Impaired

Severe mid and apical hypokinesis of both Ventricles (diagnosis : Takotsubo’s cardiomyopathy)

-

-

Normal coronary arteries

-

No

LV normalised 1 week later

Versaci (2015) [16]

Normal, EF >50%

EF 28%

-

LV ballooning, typical feature of Takotsubo’s cardiomyopathy

Elevated

QS wave in V1–V4 with negative T wave and ST elevation in V5–V6

Normal coronary arteries

No

No

Normalised after 10 days