Table 4 Reference limits for left ventricular measurements
Variable | Males | Females | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abnormal | Moderately abnormal | Severely abnormal | Abnormal | Moderately abnormal | Severely abnormal | |
LV dimensions | ||||||
2D method | ||||||
LV end-diastolic diameter (mm) | > 56 | > 60 | > 63 | > 51 | > 56 | > 58 |
LV end-diastolic diameter, BSA (mm/m2) | > 28 | > 30 | > 31 | > 30 | > 31 | > 32 |
M-mode method | ||||||
LV end-diastolic diameter (mm) | > 60 | > 64 | > 66 | > 55 | > 59 | > 63 |
VLV end-diastolic diameter, BSA (mm/m2) | > 31 | > 32 | > 33 | > 32 | > 33 | > 34 |
LV end-systolic diameter (mm) | > 40 | > 44 | > 49 | > 36 | > 39 | > 41 |
LV end-systolic diameter, BSA (mm/m2) | > 20 | > 21 | > 23 | > 21 | (> 21)a | (> 23)a |
LV mass and wall thickness | ||||||
2D method | ||||||
Interventricular septum (mm) | > 11.5 | > 14.0 | > 15.0 | > 10.3 | > 12.3 | > 13.3 |
Posterior wall (mm) | > 10.7 | > 12.3 | > 13.0 | > 9.3 | > 11.0 | > 11.7 |
LV mass, BSA (g/m2) | > 107 | > 130 | > 138 | > 82 | > 111 | > 128 |
M-mode method | ||||||
Interventricular septum (mm) | > 12.7 | > 14.3 | > 15.0 | > 11.0 | > 12.7 | > 13.7 |
Posterior wall (mm) | > 11.0 | > 13.3 | > 14.0 | > 9.7 | > 11.5 | > 12.3 |
LV mass, BSA (g/m2) | > 122 | > 147 | > 167 | > 104 | > 129 | > 141 |
LV mass, height2.7 (g/m) | > 53 | > 68 | > 76 | > 47 | > 69 | > 76 |
LV volumes and function | ||||||
LV end-diastolic volume (ml) | > 150 | > 181 | > 205 | > 109 | > 136 | > 157 |
LV end-diastolic volume, BSA (ml/m2) | > 73 | > 85 | > 94 | > 63 | > 73 | > 85 |
LV end-systolic volume (ml) | > 69 | > 81 | > 99 | > 44 | > 56 | > 71 |
LV end-systolic volume, BSA (ml/m2) | > 33 | > 39 | > 46 | > 25 | > 30 | > 37 |
LV ejection fraction (%) | < 50 | < 46 | < 42 | < 53 | < 50 | < 47 |
Mitral septal s’ (cm/s) | < 6.0 | < 5.0 | < 4.3 | < 6.0 | < 5.0 | < 4.3 |
Mitral lateral s’ (cm/s) | < 6.3 | < 5.0 | < 4.3 | < 6.0 | < 5.3 | < 5.0 |