Evaluation of prenatal changes in fetal cardiac morphology and function in maternal diabetes mellitus using a novel fetal speckle-tracking analysis: a prospective cohort study

Table 2 Comparison of fetal cardiac indices between groups and subgroups

Indices	GDM group (mean ± SD)			Control group (mean ± SD)			P-value
Indices	24⁺⁰–27⁺⁶ weeks (n = 31)	28⁺⁰–40⁺⁰ weeks (n = 27)	Total (n = 58)	24⁺⁰–27⁺⁶ weeks (n = 31)	28⁺⁰–40⁺⁰ weeks (n = 27)	Total (n = 58)	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5
4CV-GSI	1.22 ± 0.09	1.19 ± 0.07	1.21 ± 0.08	1.29 ± 0.08	1.26 ± 0.08	1.27 ± 0.08	0.005	0.001	0.000	0.254	0.094
LV-GLS	-18.36% ± 1.11%	-18.14% ± 1.88%	-18.26% ± 1.51%	-22.91% ± 1.39%	-22.46% ± 1.27%	-22.70% ± 1.34%	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.200	0.578
RV-GLS	-18.30% ± 1.27%	-18.77% ± 1.41%	-18.52% ± 1.35%	-23.01% ± 1.55%	-22.43% ± 1.84%	-22.74% ± 1.70%	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.197	0.182
LV-FAC	36.43% ± 4.42%	34.01% ± 4.96%	35.30% ± 4.79%	43.66% ± 5.05%	40.85% ± 4.82%	42.36% ± 5.10%	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.035	0.054
RV-FAC	31.26% ± 4.63%	30.47% ± 4.49%	30.89% ± 4.54%	36.69 ± 2.87%	36.92% ± 3.78%	36.80% ± 3.30%	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.786	0.513

Continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation
GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, 4CV four-chamber view, GSI global sphericity index, LV left ventricle, GLS global longitudinal strain, RV right ventricle, FAC fractional area change
P1: GDM (24⁺⁰–27⁺⁶ weeks) vs. Controls (24⁺⁰–27⁺⁶ weeks)
P2: GDM (28⁺⁰–40⁺⁰ weeks) vs. Controls (28⁺⁰–40⁺⁰ weeks)
P3: GDM (total) vs. Controls (total)
P4: Controls (24⁺⁰–27⁺⁶ weeks) vs. Controls (28⁺⁰–40⁺⁰ weeks)
P5: GDM (24⁺⁰–27⁺⁶ weeks) vs. GDM (28⁺⁰–40⁺⁰ weeks)

ISSN: 1476-7120