Fig. 2

A. Early diastolic vortex ring demonstrated by EPIV, with clockwise anterior (blue) and anti-clockwise posterior (red) arms. B. 2-dimensional quantification of the late diastolic vortex core by Hyperflow software. Vortex length and vortex depth are indexed to LV apicobasal length while vortex width and vortex transversal position are indexed to LV posterioseptal length. C. Three dimensional structure of the toroid early diastolic LV vortex demonstrated by 4D flow CMR D. 3-dimensional quantification of the early diastolic vortex ring. Radial coordinate (r) is indexed to basal endocardial radius (R). Longitudinal coordinate (L) is indexed to LV apicobasal length. Vortex ring orientation (α) is the angle between the vortex plane and the LV longitudinal axis