Table 3 Parameters of left ventricular energetics / blood transport mechanics

LV Energetics

[s.11, 21, 24–32]

Kinetic Energy Dissipation

Kinetic energy over LV

+

–

+

Kinetic energy dissipation was increased in post-MI patients with LVEF > 50%, decreased in patients with ischemic LVSD and TOF, increased in patients with DCM and Fontan circulation. Turbulent kinetic energy was increased in DCM patients, the values increase with increasing size of LV. Energy loss was increased with cardiovascular disease/systemic diseases with cardiovascular involvement.

Turbulent kinetic energy

Velocity fluctuation intensity in perpendicular directions

–

–

+

Energy loss

Total energy loss dissipated as kinetic energy and viscous friction

–

+

+

LV blood transport mechanics

[s.11, 33]

Direct volume

Volume of blood entering the LV and leaving in the analyzed beat

+

–

+

Vdirect was the parameter with the most robust evidence. It has shown to be a surrogate marker of LV energetic efficiency. It constitutes the majority of the VEDV, maintains a position closer to LVOT and a smaller angle to LVOT axis and correlates with LVEF significantly.

Delayed ejection volume

Volume not entered the LV in the previous beat but ejects in the analyzed beat

–

–

+

Retained flow

Volume entering the LV but not ejecting in the analyzed beat

–

–

+

Residual flow

Volume not entering and not leaving in the analyzed beat

–

–

+