Table 4 Normative ranges for the parameters of intraventricular flow
From: Evaluation of intraventricular flow by multimodality imaging: a review and meta-analysis
|  | Imaging modality | Pooled n | Mean ± S.D. | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Size and localization of the vortex | ||||
Vortex Area (/LVEDA) | EPIV | 104 | 0.29 ± 0.08 | [s.10, 11, 13, 15, 22, 24] |
Vortex length (/LV width) | EPIV | 126 | 0.61 ± 0.27 | [s.10, 11, 13, 16, 22–24, 34] |
Vortex depth (/LV width) | EPIV | 85 | 0.40 ± 0.11 | [s.11, 16, 22–24] |
Vorticity Parameters | ||||
Vortex Circulation (cm2/s) | VFM | 135 | 16.3 ± 11.1 | [s.3, 6, 19] |
Vortex Pulsatility Parameters | ||||
Relative Strength | EPIV | 35 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | [s.16, 22, 23] |
Vortex Relative Strength | EPIV | 35 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | [s.16, 22, 23] |
Vortex Pulsation Correlation | EPIV | 35 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | [s.16, 22, 23] |
LV Energetics | ||||
Kinetic Energy Dissipation | EPIV | 80 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | [s.11, 13, 24, 34] |
Kinetic Energy Fluctuation | EPIV | 60 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | [s.11, 13, 24] |
Energy Loss Systolic (mW/m) | VFM | 203 | 16.2 ± 7.2 | [s.29, 30, 35, 36] |
Energy Loss Diastolic (mW/m) | VFM | 203 | 22.7 ± 8.2 | [s.29, 30, 35, 36] |
Peak kinetic energy systole (mJ) | 4D flowCMR | 44 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | [s.21, 37, 38] |
LV blood transport mechanics | ||||
Vdirect (%) | 4D flow CMR | 74 | 37 ± 5 | [s.33, 39–41] |
Retained flow (%) | 4D flow CMR | 74 | 18 ± 5 | [s.33, 39–41] |
Delayed ejection flow (%) | 4D flow CMR | 74 | 17 ± 3 | [s.33, 39–41] |
Residual volume (%) | 4D flow CMR | 74 | 28 ± 5 | [s.33, 39–41] |