Table 1 Baseline demographic, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in heart failure patients as well as normal and age matched controls

Age, years

58.1 ± 8.2

56.7 ± 8

27.3 ± 3.95

53 ± 11.474

 < 0.001 #‡€

Sex, (female), n(%)

19(37)

9(28)

5(12)

17(65)

 < 0.001

Diabetic, n(%)

21(40)

11(34)

0(0)

0(0)

0.009

Hypertensive, n(%)

23(44)

12(38)

0(0)

8(31)

 < 0.001

Hyperlipidemia, n(%)

8(15)

3(9)

0(0)

1(4)

0.292

Smoker, n(%)

14(27)

8(25)

0(0)

4(15)

0.037

Coronary artery disease, n(%)

17(33)

16(50)

0(0)

2(8)

 < 0.001

PCI, n(%)

8(15)

9(19)

0(0)

1(4)

0.210

CABG, n(%)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

1.000

NYHA (1/2/3/4), n(%)

4(8)/31(60)/15(29)/0(0)

1(3)/18(56)/11(34)/2(6)

-

-

E (cm/s)

75 ± 27

88.7 ± 21.5

82.7 ± 16.7

71 ± 18.5

0.011^*$

A (cm/s)

81.8 ± 20.7

71.2 ± 33.8

56 ± 8.1

76.2 ± 21.6

 < 0.001^¶€

EDV (ml)

99.2 ± 21.7

152.5 ± 54.3

95.4 ± 17.8

87.8 ± 19.3

 < 0.001^*‡$

ESV (ml)

35.4 ± 10.3

96.2 ± 49.8

32.2 ± 7.7

30.7 ± 10

 < 0.001^*‡$

EF (%)

65 ± 5.1

38.9 ± 9.2

66.3 ± 5.1

61.5 ± 4.7

 < 0.001^*‡$€

e'-septal (cm/s)

6.5 ± 1.9

5.6 ± 1.7

11 ± 2.4

8.6 ± 2.3

 < 0.001^#¶‡$€

S'-Septal (cm/s)

7.5 ± 1.5

5.6 ± 1.8

8.2 ± 1.6

8.27 ± 1.8

 < 0.001^*‡$

e'-lateral (cm/s)

8.4 ± 2.8

7.1 ± 2.5

14 ± 2.8

10.9 ± 2.8

 < 0.001^*‡$€

S'-lateral (cm/s)

7.9 ± 2

6.2 ± 1.8

10.1 ± 2

8.9 ± 1.9

 < 0.001^*#‡$

e'-mean (cm/s)

7.5 ± 2.2

6.3 ± 1.9

12.5 ± 2.5

9.8 ± 2.4

 < 0.001^#¶‡$€

S’-mean (cm/s)

7.7 ± 1.5

5.9 ± 1.5

9.2 ± 1.6

8.5 ± 1.6

 < 0.001^*#‡$

E/A

0.96 ± 0.45

1.41 ± 0.77

1.52 ± 0.41

0.96 ± 0.25

 < 0.001^*#$€

E/e'

10.7 ± 4.4

14.6 ± 4.55

6.63 ± 0.83

7.6 ± 1.73

 < 0.001^*#¶‡$

PREp (septal), (cm/s)

6.8 ± 2.2

4.5 ± 1.9

7.9 ± 2.3

7.8 ± 2.1

 < 0.001^*‡$

PREn (septal), (cm/s)

3.3 ± 1.6

3.1 ± 1.5

3 ± 1.3

3.1 ± 1.3

0.793

POEn (septal), (cm/s)

3.3 ± 1.1

2.6 ± 0.98

4.5 ± 1

4.2 ± 1.2

 < 0.001^*#¶‡$

POEp (septal), (cm/s)

2.6 ± 0.8

2.7 ± 1.5

1.9 ± 0.7

2.1 ± 0.6

0.002^#‡

PREp (lateral), (cm/s)

5.7 ± 2.5

4.1 ± 1.4

6.8 ± 1.8

7.5 ± 2.4

 < 0.001^*¶‡$

PREn (lateral), (cm/s)

4 ± 1.2

3.5 ± 1.8

3.2 ± 1.4

3 ± 1.08

0.014^¶

POEn (lateral), (cm/s)

3.3 ± 1.1

2.3 ± 0.8

4.8 ± 1.6

3.5 ± 1.1

 < 0.001*^#‡$€

POEp (lateral), (cm/s)

2.7 ± 0.8

2.9 ± 0.9

2.1 ± 0.7

2.1 ± 0.6

 < 0.001^#¶‡$

PREp (mean), (cm/s)

6.3 ± 2.2

4.3 ± 1.6

7.1 ± 1.7

7.2 ± 1.9

 < 0.001^*‡$

PREn (mean), (cm/s)

3.7 ± 1.1

3.3 ± 1.4

3.1 ± 0.96

2.9 ± 0.8

0.016^¶

POEn (mean), (cm/s)

3.3 ± 1

2.4 ± 0.7

3.9 ± 1.4

3.7 ± 0.9

 < 0.001^*#‡$

POEp (mean), (cm/s)

2.6 ± 0.7

2.8 ± 0.99

2.6 ± 1.2

1.98 ± 0.63

0.005^¶€

PREp/PREn (PRE-P/N)

1.8 ± 0.7

1.5 ± 1.03

2.5 ± 1.05

2.6 ± 0.7

 < 0.001^#¶‡$

POEn/POEp (POE-N/P)

1.3 ± 0.5

1.1 ± 1.04

2.2 ± 1.07

2.1 ± 1.3

 < 0.001^#¶‡$

PREp-mean/S’-mean

0.82 ± 0.3

0.7 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.2

0.9 ± 0.22

0.182

LBBB, n(%)(**)

1(2%)

7(22%)

0(0%)

0(0%)

0.519

RBBB, n(%)(**)

3(6%)

0(0%)

0(0%)

1(4%)

0.626

IVCD, n(%)(**)

0(0%)

4(13%)

0(0%)

0(0%)

0.041

QRS duration, ms

84.4 ± 12.7

96.2 ± 24

72.6 ± 11

79.2 ± 18

 < 0.001^*‡$